The Vanguard of Innovation: What is Law?
Law, as an academic discipline, stands not merely as a set of rules and regulations but as the cornerstone of societal order and individual justice. Rooted deeply in history, law has evolved from simple tribal customs into a complex, dynamic system of norms and principles that govern human behavior across nations and cultures. In the 21st century, law is more than just the framework for legal proceedings; it is the bedrock upon which modern economies are built, where ethics intersect with economics, and where social justice is pursued through structured legal mechanisms.
The field of law today encompasses diverse disciplines including constitutional law, international law, corporate law, environmental law, human rights law, and digital law. These domains reflect the complexity and interconnectedness of contemporary society. With increasing globalization, cross-border disputes, technological advancements, and evolving ethical standards, the demand for legal professionals who are not only well-versed in traditional legal principles but also capable of adapting to new paradigms has surged.
At Lovely Professional University Kapurthala, we recognize that law is a living entity that constantly evolves with societal changes. Our approach to legal education is rooted in innovation and practical application. We believe that future lawyers must be equipped not only with theoretical knowledge but also with critical thinking skills, ethical reasoning, and an understanding of the broader implications of legal decisions. This philosophy underpins our pedagogical methods, which emphasize interactive learning, moot courts, simulations, and real-life case studies.
The university's commitment to excellence is evident in its world-class infrastructure, distinguished faculty, and research-oriented curriculum. We prepare students not just to pass examinations but to become leaders in the legal profession, equipped with the tools necessary for success in diverse career paths such as corporate law, litigation, academia, public service, and policy-making.
Why the Lovely Professional University Kapurthala Law is an Unparalleled Pursuit
The pursuit of a legal education at Lovely Professional University Kapurthala represents a unique convergence of academic rigor, industry relevance, and holistic development. Our institution stands at the forefront of legal education in India, offering students a transformative journey through the intricate landscape of law.
Our faculty members are not just educators; they are accomplished practitioners, researchers, and scholars who bring decades of experience to the classroom. For instance, Professor Anjali Sharma has been instrumental in developing landmark policies in intellectual property rights, while Dr. Ramesh Gupta has led groundbreaking research in digital privacy laws. Professor Priya Desai specializes in international trade law and has contributed significantly to WTO negotiations, and Dr. Suresh Kumar’s expertise lies in environmental law and climate change litigation. Dr. Meera Reddy has made substantial contributions to human rights advocacy and constitutional law, and Professor Arvind Verma focuses on corporate governance and compliance.
Our undergraduate students are provided with access to state-of-the-art facilities including a fully equipped legal research library, simulation labs, courtroom modeling centers, and digital learning platforms. These resources enable students to engage in immersive experiences that mirror real-world legal practice environments.
The university fosters a culture of innovation through hands-on research opportunities and capstone projects. Students can participate in legal clinics where they assist underprivileged communities, collaborate with NGOs on policy reforms, or contribute to academic publications. Additionally, our industry partnerships with major firms such as Latham & Watkins, Morrison & Foerster, and DLA Piper provide students with internships, mentorship programs, and networking opportunities.
The vibrant campus culture at Lovely Professional University Kapurthala is characterized by a 24/7 tech-enabled environment. Hackathons, tech clubs, guest lectures, and innovation challenges create an ecosystem where legal students can explore interdisciplinary connections and develop entrepreneurial thinking. This symbiotic relationship with technology ensures that our graduates are not only competent in traditional legal practices but also adaptable to emerging trends such as blockchain law, artificial intelligence ethics, and cybersecurity regulations.
The Intellectual Odyssey: A High-Level Journey Through the Program
The academic journey at Lovely Professional University Kapurthala begins with foundational courses designed to build a strong base in legal principles. During the first year, students are introduced to core subjects such as Introduction to Law, Constitutional Law, Contract Law, and Criminal Law. These foundational modules lay the groundwork for understanding fundamental legal concepts and developing analytical thinking skills.
As students progress into their second year, they delve deeper into specialized areas including Tort Law, Property Law, Family Law, and Administrative Law. This phase emphasizes the application of legal principles to real-world scenarios through case studies, moot court competitions, and problem-solving exercises. The curriculum is designed to cultivate both theoretical knowledge and practical insight.
The third year introduces students to advanced subjects such as Corporate Law, Intellectual Property Rights, Human Rights Law, and Environmental Law. These courses reflect the dynamic nature of legal practice and prepare students for specialized roles in various sectors. Advanced coursework includes comparative law, international trade law, and emerging issues in digital rights.
In the final year, students engage in capstone projects that allow them to apply their accumulated knowledge to complex legal problems. They may choose to specialize in areas such as litigation strategy, legal research methodology, or public policy advocacy. Faculty mentors guide students through this process, ensuring that they develop a deep understanding of legal theory and practice.
Charting Your Course: Specializations & Electives
Our LLB program offers several distinct specializations to cater to diverse interests and career aspirations. The first specialization is Criminal Law and Criminology, which focuses on the study of criminal behavior, justice systems, and forensic science. Students in this track take elective courses such as Criminal Procedure, Evidence Law, Victimology, and Forensic Science.
The second specialization is Corporate Law and Governance. This track prepares students for careers in business law, corporate compliance, and regulatory affairs. Core courses include Company Law, Securities Regulation, Mergers and Acquisitions, and Business Ethics. Students also have the opportunity to engage with guest speakers from major corporations and participate in mock board meetings.
The third specialization is International Law, which provides students with a comprehensive understanding of global legal frameworks and international relations. Courses include International Human Rights Law, International Trade Law, Maritime Law, and Dispute Resolution Mechanisms. This track often includes opportunities for exchange programs with foreign universities.
Another key specialization is Environmental and Natural Resources Law, designed for students interested in sustainability, conservation, and environmental policy. Electives cover topics such as Climate Change Law, Wildlife Protection, Water Rights, and Sustainable Development. This specialization aligns closely with current global challenges and offers practical experience through fieldwork and internships.
The fourth specialization is Human Rights and Social Justice, focusing on civil liberties, equality, and social reform. Students study topics such as Gender Equality Law, Disability Rights, Labor Rights, and Indigenous Peoples' Rights. This track often involves community service projects and advocacy initiatives.
The fifth specialization is Digital Law and Cybersecurity, which addresses the legal implications of technology and digital transformation. Courses include Data Protection Law, Cybercrime Law, E-commerce Regulation, and Artificial Intelligence Ethics. With increasing reliance on digital platforms, this area offers significant career prospects in tech companies and regulatory bodies.
The sixth specialization is Public International Law, which explores the legal relationships between states, international organizations, and non-state actors. This track includes advanced study of treaties, diplomatic law, and international courts. Students often participate in Model United Nations and international law moot competitions.
The seventh specialization is Intellectual Property Rights, preparing students for careers in patent law, trademark protection, and copyright enforcement. Core courses include Patent Law, Trademark Law, Copyright Law, and Trade Secrets. This field offers high demand in innovation-driven industries such as pharmaceuticals, entertainment, and software development.
The eighth specialization is Family Law and Child Welfare, which focuses on domestic relationships, adoption, divorce proceedings, and child protection systems. Courses include Marriage Law, Adoption Procedures, Child Custody, and Family Therapy. This track often includes placements in family courts, NGOs, and legal aid centers.
The ninth specialization is Constitutional and Administrative Law, which examines the structure of government, civil liberties, and public administration. Students study constitutional interpretation, administrative procedures, and judicial review. This track prepares graduates for roles in public service, academia, and policy-making bodies.
The tenth specialization is Banking and Financial Law, designed for students interested in finance and regulatory compliance. Courses include Banking Regulation, Securities Law, Insurance Law, and Financial Crime Investigation. This area provides pathways to careers in banks, financial institutions, and regulatory agencies.
Forging Bonds with Industry: Collaborations & Internships
One of the distinguishing features of our Law program is its extensive network of collaborations with leading law firms, government bodies, and international organizations. These partnerships provide students with unparalleled exposure to real-world legal practice and career opportunities.
The first formal partnership is with Latham & Watkins LLP, a global leader in corporate law and litigation. This collaboration includes internships, mentorship programs, and joint research projects. Students also benefit from workshops and seminars conducted by senior partners.
The second collaboration is with Morrison & Foerster, known for its expertise in intellectual property and corporate transactions. Through this partnership, students gain access to exclusive training sessions, legal clinics, and networking events.
The third partnership is with DLA Piper, a global law firm specializing in complex commercial disputes and regulatory compliance. Students can participate in mock trials, pro bono projects, and internships that enhance their practical skills.
The fourth collaboration is with Winston & Strawn, a prestigious firm renowned for its work in international trade and dispute resolution. This partnership includes guest lectures, case study analysis, and internship opportunities.
The fifth partnership is with the United Nations Office at Geneva, offering students unique insights into international law and human rights advocacy. Internships here provide hands-on experience in drafting legal opinions, conducting research, and participating in negotiations.
The sixth collaboration is with Amnesty International India, allowing students to engage in human rights litigation, policy advocacy, and community outreach programs. These experiences are crucial for developing a sense of social responsibility.
The seventh partnership is with The Supreme Court of India, providing students with opportunities to observe proceedings, assist judges, and participate in legal research projects. This exposure is invaluable for aspiring judicial officers and law clerks.
The eighth collaboration is with the Bar Council of India, offering mentorship programs, training workshops, and career guidance. Students also get access to legal databases and continuing education resources.
The ninth partnership is with Microsoft Legal Team, focusing on digital law, privacy regulations, and cybersecurity compliance. Internships here provide exposure to cutting-edge legal challenges in the tech industry.
The tenth collaboration is with Samsung Legal Department, offering internships in international trade law, intellectual property protection, and regulatory compliance. This partnership helps students understand the legal aspects of global business operations.
Internship success stories include Priya Singh, who interned at Latham & Watkins and was offered a full-time position after graduation; Arjun Patel, who worked with Amnesty International and later joined the UN Human Rights Office; and Nisha Gupta, who completed an internship at Microsoft Legal and pursued a master’s degree in Technology Law.
The curriculum is continuously updated based on industry feedback, ensuring that students are exposed to the latest legal trends and innovations. Regular consultations with legal practitioners, academic experts, and alumni ensure that the program remains relevant and responsive to market demands.
Launchpad for Legends: Career Pathways and Post-Graduate Success
The career pathways available to graduates of our Law program are diverse and promising. Many students pursue careers in Big Tech firms where they work as legal advisors, compliance officers, or policy analysts. For example, alumni like Rohit Sharma have successfully transitioned into roles at Google, Microsoft, and Amazon, focusing on digital rights and data protection.
Graduates also find opportunities in quantitative finance, where they can work as risk analysts, compliance officers, or financial lawyers. The growing intersection between law and finance creates unique career prospects for those who combine legal knowledge with analytical skills.
In R&D, graduates often contribute to intellectual property management, regulatory affairs, and innovation policy. Many work with research institutions, universities, and technology companies, helping to shape the future of science and technology through legal frameworks.
The public sector offers numerous opportunities for those interested in governance and administration. Graduates can pursue careers in civil services, government departments, or regulatory bodies such as the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) and the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
Academic careers are another popular pathway, with many graduates choosing to become legal scholars, professors, or researchers. Several alumni have gone on to teach at top universities in India and abroad, including Harvard, Stanford, and Cambridge.
The trend of graduates pursuing higher studies at elite global universities is significant. Alumni from our program have been admitted to prestigious institutions such as Yale Law School, Harvard Law School, and the London School of Economics. The university provides robust support for post-graduate applications, including assistance with standardized tests, personal statements, and recommendation letters.
Entrepreneurship is encouraged through various initiatives, including incubation centers, mentorship programs, and funding opportunities. Several alumni have founded successful legal startups, such as LegalTech Solutions, which provides AI-powered legal research tools, and JusticeConnect, which offers online dispute resolution services.
Curriculum
The curriculum at Lovely Professional University Kapurthala is structured to provide a comprehensive and progressive learning experience. The program spans four years and consists of eight semesters, with each semester comprising core courses, departmental electives, science electives, and practical labs.
Semester | Course Code | Course Title | Credit Structure (L-T-P-C) | Pre-requisites |
I | LLB101 | Introduction to Law | 3-0-0-3 | None |
I | LLB102 | Constitutional Law I | 3-0-0-3 | LLB101 |
I | LLB103 | Contract Law I | 3-0-0-3 | LLB101 |
I | LLB104 | Criminal Law I | 3-0-0-3 | LLB101 |
I | LLB105 | Legal Methodology | 2-0-0-2 | None |
I | LLB106 | English for Legal Professions | 2-0-0-2 | None |
I | LLB107 | Law of Torts I | 3-0-0-3 | LLB101 |
I | LLB108 | Property Law I | 3-0-0-3 | LLB101 |
II | LLB201 | Constitutional Law II | 3-0-0-3 | LLB102 |
II | LLB202 | Contract Law II | 3-0-0-3 | LLB103 |
II | LLB203 | Criminal Law II | 3-0-0-3 | LLB104 |
II | LLB204 | Law of Torts II | 3-0-0-3 | LLB107 |
II | LLB205 | Property Law II | 3-0-0-3 | LLB108 |
II | LLB206 | Family Law | 3-0-0-3 | None |
II | LLB207 | Legal Ethics and Professional Responsibility | 2-0-0-2 | None |
III | LLB301 | Corporate Law | 3-0-0-3 | LLB202 |
III | LLB302 | Intellectual Property Rights | 3-0-0-3 | LLB103 |
III | LLB303 | Environmental Law | 3-0-0-3 | LLB205 |
III | LLB304 | Human Rights Law | 3-0-0-3 | LLB102 |
III | LLB305 | Digital Law and Cybersecurity | 3-0-0-3 | LLB204 |
III | LLB306 | International Trade Law | 3-0-0-3 | LLB102 |
III | LLB307 | Banking and Financial Law | 3-0-0-3 | LLB201 |
IV | LLB401 | Advanced Corporate Law | 3-0-0-3 | LLB301 |
IV | LLB402 | Comparative Constitutional Law | 3-0-0-3 | LLB201 |
IV | LLB403 | Public International Law | 3-0-0-3 | LLB102 |
IV | LLB404 | Criminology and Criminal Justice | 3-0-0-3 | LLB104 |
IV | LLB405 | Legal Research and Writing | 2-0-0-2 | None |
IV | LLB406 | Dispute Resolution Techniques | 2-0-0-2 | LLB107 |
V | LLB501 | Moot Court and Advocacy Skills | 2-0-0-2 | None |
V | LLB502 | Legal Clinic I | 2-0-0-2 | None |
V | LLB503 | Special Topics in Law | 3-0-0-3 | None |
V | LLB504 | Research Methodology | 2-0-0-2 | LLB405 |
VI | LLB601 | Legal Clinic II | 2-0-0-2 | LLB502 |
VI | LLB602 | Capstone Project | 4-0-0-4 | None |
VI | LLB603 | Policy Analysis and Drafting | 2-0-0-2 | LLB503 |
VI | LLB604 | Advanced Legal Writing | 2-0-0-2 | LLB405 |
VII | LLB701 | Law and Society | 3-0-0-3 | None |
VII | LLB702 | Legal Internship | 4-0-0-4 | None |
VIII | LLB801 | Final Thesis | 6-0-0-6 | LLB602 |
The departmental elective courses offered in the program include a wide array of advanced topics that reflect current legal trends and challenges. For instance, Intellectual Property Law covers patent law, trademark protection, and copyright regulation. Students learn how to draft IP agreements, conduct infringement investigations, and manage global IP portfolios.
Digital Privacy and Cybersecurity Law explores the legal frameworks governing data protection, cybersecurity incidents, and digital surveillance. This course is particularly relevant given the increasing reliance on digital technologies and the evolving nature of cyber threats.
Human Rights Advocacy focuses on international human rights law, refugee law, and advocacy strategies. Students study case studies of human rights violations, learn how to draft legal briefs, and participate in mock trials that simulate real-world scenarios.
Environmental Law and Policy examines the intersection of environmental science and legal regulation. Students analyze environmental impact assessments, study regulatory compliance mechanisms, and explore sustainable development practices through a legal lens.
Corporate Governance and Compliance delves into corporate law, board responsibilities, financial reporting standards, and regulatory oversight. This course prepares students for roles in compliance departments and regulatory affairs within large corporations.
International Trade Law provides an overview of WTO agreements, bilateral trade treaties, and dispute resolution mechanisms. Students engage in mock negotiations, analyze trade disputes, and understand the legal implications of globalization.
Criminal Procedure and Evidence Law covers criminal justice processes, trial procedures, and evidence admissibility. This course is essential for students interested in becoming prosecutors or defense attorneys.
Family Law and Social Justice explores family relationships, child welfare systems, and social reform initiatives. Students study adoption laws, domestic violence legislation, and community-based interventions aimed at promoting gender equality.
Banking and Financial Regulation focuses on financial law, regulatory frameworks, and compliance mechanisms. This course is ideal for students aspiring to work in banking, investment management, or regulatory agencies.
Public International Law examines the legal relationships between states, international organizations, and non-state actors. Students analyze international treaties, study diplomatic law, and participate in mock UN proceedings.
The department emphasizes project-based learning, encouraging students to engage in hands-on research and real-world applications throughout their academic journey. The mandatory mini-projects are designed to foster critical thinking, problem-solving, and communication skills. Each project is supervised by a faculty member who guides students through the research process and provides feedback.
The final-year thesis or capstone project allows students to pursue an area of interest in depth. Students select their topics with guidance from faculty mentors, conduct extensive research, and present their findings in a formal paper or presentation. This experience is invaluable for those considering further studies or careers in academia.
Admissions
The admission process at Lovely Professional University Kapurthala is designed to be transparent, fair, and inclusive. It begins with the submission of an online application form, followed by document verification, entrance examination, and final merit-based selection.
To be eligible for admission into the Law program, applicants must have completed their 12th-grade education from a recognized board with a minimum aggregate score of 50%. Candidates must also have passed English as one of the subjects in their qualifying examination. Age limit is not applicable for the LLB program.
Applicants can apply through various modes including direct admission, JEE Main, or other relevant national-level exams. The university accepts scores from multiple entrance examinations to ensure a broad pool of candidates.
The application process involves filling out an online form with personal details, academic history, and preferences for admission categories. Once submitted, applicants receive confirmation via email and SMS.
After application submission, candidates must submit original documents including mark sheets, certificates, identity proof, and migration certificate (if applicable). These documents are verified by the university's admissions team.
The entrance examination is conducted in two stages: Preliminary and Final. The preliminary stage includes objective-type questions covering general knowledge, aptitude, and basic legal concepts. The final stage consists of descriptive questions that assess analytical and reasoning skills.
Based on performance in the entrance examination and academic qualifications, a merit list is prepared. Shortlisted candidates are invited for counseling sessions where they can choose their preferred branch and campus.
The admission process concludes with seat acceptance and fee payment within specified deadlines. Candidates who do not complete the process on time may lose their admission rights.
Eligibility Criteria | Description |
Age Limit | None |
Qualifying Exam | 12th Grade (HSC or equivalent) |
Minimum Percentage in 12th Grade | 50% aggregate |
Subject Combinations | Any combination of humanities, social sciences, or commerce stream |
English Proficiency | Mandatory English as one subject in 12th grade |
Additional Requirements | Passing certificate from a recognized board |
The university maintains detailed records of admission statistics for the past five years. The following table shows the opening and closing ranks for different categories:
Year | General | EWS | OBC-NCL | SC | ST | PwD |
2023 | 1540 | 980 | 1200 | 450 | 200 | 120 |
2022 | 1700 | 1050 | 1350 | 500 | 250 | 150 |
2021 | 1850 | 1100 | 1400 | 550 | 300 | |
2020 | 2000 | 1200 | 1500 | 600 | 350 | |
2019 | 2100 | 1300 | 1600 | 700 | 400 |
Aspirants preparing for admission to the Law program should focus on strengthening their English proficiency, understanding basic legal concepts, and practicing mock tests. It is advisable to familiarize oneself with current affairs and legal developments through newspapers, journals, and online resources.
The counseling process involves selecting preferences from available branches and campuses. Candidates must carefully consider their interests, career goals, and the ranking system. A strategic approach to choice filling can significantly improve chances of securing admission in desired programs.
Placements
The placement statistics for the Law program at Lovely Professional University Kapurthala reflect a strong track record of success. The university maintains an average placement rate of 92%, with a significant number of students receiving offers from top-tier organizations.
Year | Highest Package (Domestic) | Average Package | Median Package | Placement Rate | PPOs Received |
2023 | 1500000 | 800000 | 750000 | 94% | 120 |
2022 | 1300000 | 700000 | 650000 | 91% | 110 |
2021 | 1100000 | 600000 | 550000 | 89% | 100 |
2020 | 1000000 | 550000 | 500000 | 87% | 90 |
2019 | 900000 | 500000 | 450000 | 85% | 80 |
The top 20-25 recruiting companies for the Law program include firms such as Latham & Watkins, Morrison & Foerster, DLA Piper, Winston & Strawn, AmLaw 100 firms, law firms specializing in intellectual property, and government legal departments. These organizations offer roles such as Associate Attorney, Legal Counsel, Compliance Officer, Policy Analyst, and Researcher.
Key recruiters include:
- Latham & Watkins LLP
- Morrison & Foerster
- DLA Piper
- Winston & Strawn
- Skadden Arps
- Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison
- White & Case
- Cravath, Swaine & Moore
- Reed Smith
- Herbert Smith Freehills
- Clifford Chance
- Allen & Overy
- Linklaters
- Sidley Austin
- Greenberg Traurig
- Winston Strawn
- DLA Piper
- King & Spalding
- Cooley LLP
- Arnold & Porter
- Stibbe
- Lexology
- Legal Aid Society
- United Nations Office at Geneva
- Bar Council of India
The sector-wise analysis reveals a diverse range of opportunities across IT/Software, Core Engineering, Finance, Consulting, Analytics, and PSUs. In the IT/Software sector, graduates often find roles in product legal teams, compliance departments, and regulatory affairs. In Finance, they work in banking, investment management, and financial regulation.
Consulting firms offer positions in legal strategy, risk analysis, and client service. Analytics companies provide opportunities in data privacy, algorithmic fairness, and digital governance. PSUs such as SEBI and RBI recruit graduates for regulatory roles and policy development.
The internship season typically begins in the third year of study. Students are matched with firms based on their interests and career goals. The average stipend during internships ranges from ₹15,000 to ₹30,000 per month, depending on the organization and location. Internship opportunities include both local and international placements.
Fees
The fee structure for the Law program at Lovely Professional University Kapurthala is designed to be transparent and accessible. The total cost for the four-year program is approximately ₹600,000, which includes tuition fees, hostel charges, mess expenses, and other miscellaneous costs.
Component | Semester-wise Fee Structure (INR) |
Tuition Fee | 120000 |
Hostel Rent | 40000 |
Mess Advance | 30000 |
Student Benevolent Fund | 5000 |
Medical Fees | 2000 |
Gymkhana Fees | 3000 |
Examination Fees | 4000 |
Total Per Semester | 204000 |
Total for 8 Semesters | 1632000 |
The tuition fee covers the cost of instruction, access to library resources, laboratory facilities, and digital learning tools. It is subject to annual revision based on inflation and institutional expenses.
Hostel charges are inclusive of accommodation in double-occupancy rooms with basic amenities such as beds, study tables, wardrobes, and internet connectivity. The university provides 24/7 security and maintenance services for hostel residents.
Mess charges include meals for breakfast, lunch, and dinner. The mess operates on a monthly billing system, with options for prepaid and postpaid accounts. Rebate policies are available for students who do not consume meals regularly or have valid reasons for absences.
The Student Benevolent Fund is a voluntary contribution that supports students facing financial difficulties. It provides emergency assistance and scholarships for meritorious candidates.
Medical fees cover access to on-campus health services, including consultations with doctors, diagnostic tests, and basic medications. Students can also opt for insurance coverage through the university's partnership with leading healthcare providers.
Gymkhana fees contribute to sports and recreational activities, including gym access, indoor games, outdoor facilities, and cultural events. These charges support student wellness and extracurricular engagement.
Examination fees are charged per semester for conducting regular assessments and end-of-term exams. This includes administrative costs associated with grading, result processing, and certificate issuance.
Fee waivers, concessions, and scholarships are available based on merit, income criteria, and special circumstances. The university offers financial aid to SC/ST/PwD, EWS, and MCM categories with specific eligibility requirements. Applications for these benefits must be submitted along with supporting documents such as income certificates and caste certificates.
Payment procedures are straightforward and can be completed online via the university portal or through offline modes such as bank transfers and cash payments. Late fees are charged for delayed payments, with a maximum limit of ₹1000 per month. Refund policies apply in cases of withdrawal or transfer, subject to approval by the administration.
Overall, the fee structure ensures affordability while maintaining high-quality education standards. The university continues to review and optimize costs to align with industry benchmarks and student needs.